Health Issues:

As all breeds have health issues, even mix breeds have health issues. Here are a few that can be found in the Dachshund breed.

This information has been compiled from reports received by treating veterinarians, on line research, medical veterinary university's, books written about the dachshund, and dachshund owners. This information in no way means that you don't need to own a dachshund. This is not true they are a great breed to be owned by. Just that you are aware of issues you as a owner might be able to prevent with proper care and help from the beginning. If any pet is showing signs of being in trouble please take them to your vet. No one that does not have veterinary training should diagnose & medicate their own dogs. A good book to read about dachshunds is Dachshunds for Dummies By Eve Adamson. She touches on a few of these health issues talked about below. I am not a vet.

Our dogs are proudly recorded with the:

Quote from Dog Channel.com

"It’s important to note here that not all Dachshunds will suffer serious physical diseases or problems. However, it is important for the puppy buyer to be aware of the health conditions that can affect the dog he is about to purchase. Healthy parents and a well-informed, caring breeder are the best factors in producing healthy puppies. Many health problems in dogs today can be tested for in very young puppies. Reputable breeders usually have these tests performed so that they can send their puppies off to new homes with certificates of good health. Thus, the new owners can begin raising their puppy in the knowledge that they have chosen a healthy puppy from a quality source. In short, it all boils down to the old saying that knowledge is power—with humans and with dogs."

This was taken from the OFA website.

Why should I test my dog for genetic disease?
Veterinarians and responsible breeders of purebred dogs and cats are well aware that hip dyspepsia and other inherited diseases can be controlled by careful, selective breeding programs. DNA tests for specific diseases remain the "gold standard" in determining an animal's genotype, but in the absence of available DNA tests, phenotype evaluations are the best alternative. Information regarding the test results from the sire and dam, along with information on other close relatives such as siblings, half-siblings, aunts and uncles allows breeders to apply greater selective pressure to produce normal offspring and avoid affected offspring.

http://www.offa.org/faq.html

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Canine Eye Registration Foundation (CERF)

An eye CERF must be performed by a State licensed Ophthalmologist , it cannot be performed by your regular veterinarian.

Dedicated to the elimination of heritable eye disease
in purebred dogs through registration and research.

WHAT IS CERF?
The Canine Eye Registration Foundation (CERF) is an organization that was founded by a group of concerned, purebred owner/breeders who recognized that the quality of their dog's lives were being affected by heritable eye disease. CERF was then established in conjunction with cooperating, board certified, veterinary ophthalmologists, as a means to accomplish the goal of elimination of heritable eye disease in all purebred dogs by forming a centralized, national registry.
The CERF Registry not only registers those dog's certified free of heritable eye disease by members of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (A.C.V.O. ), but also collects data on all dogs examined by A.C.V.O. Diplomat's. This data is used to form the CERF data base which is useful in researching trends in eye disease and breed susceptibility. Not only is this data useful to clinicians and students of ophthalmology, but to interested breed clubs and individual breeders and owners of specific breeds.

http://www.vmdb.org/history.html

C.E.R.F. stands for the Canine Eye Registry Foundation.

A C.E.R.F. examination is an eye screening examination performed by a specialist usually a veterinary ophthalmologist. They are are board certified by the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. The ophthalmologists record their observations on an official computerized CERF form. One copy is sent to CERF for their research and a second copy may be submitted to CERF for record keeping and certification by the breeder or owner of the dog.
An CERF exam consists of a thorough examination of the eye. It is not a regular exam from your vet but a exam with a specialist just for the eye. The ophthalmologist will look at the eye from all directions. First the pupil and iris will be examined for any abnormalities, such as small holes called iris colobomas. When he or she is done they will then the place some drops into the eyes to dilate the pupils. They are dilated with eye drops called tropicamide. Once the pupil is well dilated the ophthalmologist will usually illuminate the eye with a penlight or transilluminator as he looks for large, obvious abnormalities. The eye is then examined in detail with a slit-lamp biomicroscope that will reveal any smaller abnormalities located in the cornea, lens, anterior chamber and front region of the vitreous. The types of defects that may be noticed during this part of the exam include cataracts (opacity of the lens) , imperforate puncta (unopened tear ducts), distichia (extra eyelashes) corneal dystrophy (cholesterol development in the cornea), persistent papillary membranes, persistent hyaloid remnants, and vitreal degeneration.
The last step uses an ophthalmoscope and a focusing lens to examine the retina or fundus. This part of the examination may reveal such problems as Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), Retinal Dyspepsia, colobomas, choroidal hypoplasia and optic nerve hypoplasia usually found in Collies , and retinal detachment.
All dogs used for breeding should have annual CERF exams, especially if any recognized heritable eye disorder is known to be present in the breed.

We get this done every year on our breeders. We bought a puppy with distichia (extra eyelashes). We would have never known about this issue had we not gotten the CERF examination done. Distichia (extra eyelashes) can be common in long hair dachshunds. The breeder was great in working with us though this issue. The pup is not breed-able how ever the pup is still a great companion.

Please email me if you would like more information about our dogs and the CERF testing.

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals OFA

Orthopedic Foundation for Animals; an organization dedicated to recording statistical data on orthopedic diseases, especially hip dysplasia in dogs.

The OFA is not just for hip dysplasia any more they specialize in several diseases like; Congenital Cardiac Disease,Congenital Deafness OFA BAER testing, DNA,Elbow Dysplasia, Hip Dysplasia, Legg-Calve-Perthes,Patellar Luxation, Sebaceous Adenitis,Thyroid.

They are a foundation for all breeds not just the dachshund breed. Your welcome to search any of the OFA records they are open to the public.

home

http://www.offa.org/

Deafness BAER Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses

This is not a pup of ours.

Here is some information on the BAER testing we provided our breeding dogs. It is the same test that is available to humans. Please feel free to read about the process. This is a test that cannot be done by your regular family veterinarian and needs to be done at an approved neurological lab.A BAER test is the only 100% reliable method for determining that a dog is deaf (or for measuring the extent of its hearing loss). BAER (pronounced "bear") stands for "Brain-stem Auditory Evoked Response" and is a procedure using computers to record the electrical activity of the brain in response to sound stimulation. Deafness can be an issue with dachshunds in the double dapples and has been some talk on the web about in piebalds with dapple back grounds, but we dont breed for the double pattern. We do this test to asure ourselves that with this test we are able to screen breeding adults to eliminate hearing problems in our puppies. The test is not painful and can be performed on any dog over six weeks of age.

What is the BAER test?

The hearing test known as the brain-stem auditory evoked response (BAER) or brain-stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) detects electrical activity in the cochlea and auditory pathways in the brain in much the same way that an antenna detects radio or TV signals or an EKG detects electrical activity of the heart. The response waveform consists of a series of peaks numbered with Roman numerals: peak I is produced by the cochlea and later peaks are produced within the brain. The response from an ear that is deaf is an essentially flat line. In the sample recordings shown below, Puppy 1 heard in both ears, Puppy 2 was deaf in the left ear, Puppy 3 was deaf in the right ear, and Puppy 4 was deaf in both ears. Because the response amplitude is so small it is necessary to average the responses to multiple stimuli (clicks) to unmask them from the other unrelated electrical activity that is also present on the scalp (EEG, muscle activity, etc).

The response is collected with a special computer through extremely small electrodes placed under the skin of the scalp: one in front of each ear, one at the top of the head, and one between and behind the eyes. It is rare for a dog to show any evidence of pain from the placement of the electrodes - if anything the dog objects to the gentle restraint and the irritation of wires hanging in front of its face. The stimulus click produced by the computer is directed into the ear with a foam insert earphone. Each ear is tested individually, and the test usually is complete in 10-15 minutes. Sedation or anesthesia are usually not necessary unless the dog becomes extremely agitated, which can usually be avoided with patient and gentle handling. A printout of the test results, showing the actual recorded waveform, is provided at the end of the procedure. Test results are confidential, but anonymous details will be used in Dr. Strain's ongoing deafness research for later publication and education of veterinary practitioners.

Dr. George M. Strain Louisiana State University
http://www.lsu.edu/deafness/baerexpl.htm

http://www.dermapet.com/articles/hearing.html

http://www.dizziness-and-balance.com/testing/baer.htm

Cataracts

As in a lot of breeds Dachshunds can get cataracts. Cataracts can be removed surgically. The decision whether to do so is based on several factors, such as whether the cataracts are progressive, the degree of visual impairment, and the dog's temperament. To prevent postoperative problems, the dog must be cooperative and quiet, especially in the first week following surgery. It is prudent to assume cataracts are inherited unless another specific cause can be identified. Since some cataracts cause no clinical signs, it is worthwhile to screen dogs of affected breeds annually that are used in breeding programes. Where cataracts are identified, affected animals, their parents and litter mates should not be used for breeding.

Disc Disease IVDD

Breeding advice

It is difficult to make breeding recommendations because, although the condition is common in some breeds, a mode of inheritance has not been determined. It is best to avoid breeding affected animals, and to carefully scrutinize their close relatives before including them in a breeding programme.

Disc disease and disc injuries which can result in paralysis. Owners should use caution while handling, and not allow their Dachshund to jump from: Cars, furniture, beds, arms, etc. They also must be kept at a healthy weight. Owners should be very observant of changes in their companion and seek proper medical attention immediately. Just a few of the symptoms of back problems can include: Lack of appetite, stomach distress, hesitation or inability move or do something they once could do, with drawl from play or activity, unexplained cries. If you think this might be the issue get to your Veterinarian for an evaluation and an x-ray.

The spine

The breed is known to have spinal problems, due in part to an extremely long spinal column and short rib cage. The risk of injury can be worsened by obesity, which places greater strain on the vertebrae, but many an owner with an injured, skinny Dachshund will confirm that these problems are largely genetic.

Injury prevention

In order to prevent injury, it is recommended that Dachshunds be discouraged from jumping and taking stairs, and the importance of holding the dog properly cannot be stressed enough. Many veterinarians, however, indicate that as long as the Dachshund takes the stairs slowly, the dog's spine will manage just fine.

The Dachshund should only be picked up when both front and rear portions of the body are fully supported. A good technique is the typical "football carry" used by running backs or others in a game when rushing the ball, with the dog tucked underneath the arm, against the body, and supported along the length of the carrier's bent arm, hand under the upper chest, and tail near the elbow. This method supports the weight of the rear body, preventing wiggling and twisting of the dog to right itself.

The importance of good breeding

As it has become increasingly apparent that the occurrence and severity of these spinal problems, or inter-vertebral disk disease, is largely hereditary, responsible breeders are working to eliminate this characteristic in the breed. Treatment consists of various combination's of crate confinement and courses of anti-inflammatory medications (steroids), and may even lead to surgical intervention to remove the troublesome disk(s).

Other treatments that have been used with some success include TENS, acupuncture, physical therapy, moxibustion, chiropractic manipulation, and massage. The use of arthritis medication such as Rimadyl, (which failed clinical trials for humans), has reverted to the subjects of its previous testing: dogs, with great results in relieving skeletal back pain.

http://www.learnaboutyourdachshund.com/health/index.html

Teeth

As any breed can have dachshunds can have teeth and gum problems. Owners must keep their dog's teeth clean, as dental problems can cause many other health problems, including: Kidney failure, heart problems, eye and sinus infections.Good dental care helps reduce bad dog breath. Yearly dental cleaning by a vet and regular brushing is recommended.

PRA = Progressive Retinal Atrophy and rcd1

Progressive retinal atrophy or degeneration (PRA or PRD) is the name for several diseases that are progressive and lead to blindness. First recognized at the beginning of the 20th century in Gordon Setters, this inherited condition has been documented in over 100 breeds, and mixed breed animals as well. PRA is not very common in cats.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (also known as "PRA") is a group of inherited diseases that cause degeneration of the retina in dogs and results in permanent blindness. The retina is a thin layer of nervous tissue that lies in the back of the eye and is responsible for converting light into electrical impulses. The electrical impulse is then transmitted along the optic nerve to the brain, where the electrical impulses are interpreted as an image. The cells within the retina that are directly responsible for the conversion of light to an electrical impulse are called photoreceptor. There are two types of photoreceptor: rods and cones. The rod rods are responsible for dim light vision, and the cones are responsible for bright light and color vision. Progressive Retinal Atrophy begins with degeneration of the rod photoreceptor. This may be noticed by pet owners as night blindness or decreased "confidence" in dimly lit areas. As the degeneration of rods progresses, the cones will begin to degenerate. Therefore, loss of vision in brightly lit environments will occur later in the progression of the disease. As PRA progresses slowly, many dogs will learn to partially accommodate for their visual deficits through their senses of hearing and smell. Because of this accommodation, it is not uncommon for some pet owners notice the visual deficits only after significant degeneration of both rods and cones has occurred.

Currently, the most commonly performed diagnostic test for PRA is a complete ophthalmic examination. A veterinary ophthalmologist can detect the later stages of PRA by examining the retina with indirect ophthalmoscopy. Unfortunately, the earliest stages of PRA are not detected in such an exam. As the age of onset of PRA can vary widely from animal to animal, annual examination and eye registration of breeding stock by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist through the Canine Eye Registration Foundation (CERF) is recommended. More information on PRA can be found at this site. http://www.aht.org.uk/genetics_dachpra.html .We currently have our dogs seen by a ophthalmologist that is certified with CERF to make sure there is no evidence of genetic eye issues or defects in our dogs eyes.

PROGRESSIVE RETINAL ATROPHY (PRA) (courtesy Animal Health Trust (UK)

There is mounting concern in the dachshund community about retinal degeneration that occurs in many breeds of dogs, including dachshunds. This disease is caused by a change to a gene involved in sight. Fortunately the gene responsible has been identified at the Animal Health Trust in England and they have recently identified the mutation causing the disease in miniature long haired dachshunds. Using the information from this research, they have developed a DNA test for the disease. This test not only diagnoses dogs affected with this disease but can also detect those dogs which are carriers, showing no symptoms of the disease but producing affected pups.

There is currently no treatment for the disease.

Please see the links below to read more about PRA.

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The Dachshund Breed Council Health and Welfare Subcommittee are working tirelessly with The Kennel Club, The Animal Health Trust and other professional bodies for the advancement and improvement of the breed, in particular, with respect to DNA tests for Cone Rod Dystrophy,

Lafora's Disease and Diabetes.

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Considerations for Dachshund Breeders

http://www.caninegeneticdiseases.net/PRA/testPRA.htm

http://www.aht.org.uk/genetics_dachpra.html

We do not know how common the PRA-causing mutation is among Dachshunds in North America; however, a limited survey of 46 randomly selected Dachshund DNA samples in the UMC collection as a result of other research projects had approximately 25% carriers and approximately 2% affected. The mutant form of the gene was found in both standard-sized and miniature Dachshunds, and in short haired, long haired and wire haired varieties. We are making this DNA test for the PRA mutation available to Dachshund owners as well as the English Springer Spaniel community, effective immediately. From communications with Dr. Mellersh and others with testing experience in Europe, it appears that many of the Dachshunds that test as “affected” are considered to have normal vision by their owners. The above “Considerations for English Springer Spaniel Breeders” section contains an analysis of the consequences of this situation. As we have more information about the frequency of this mutation in North American Dachshunds we will post that information on this website. Additional information about PRA in Dachshunds is available at the Animal Health Trust website.

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Progressive Retinal Atrophy in Miniature Long-Haired and Smooth Haired Dachshunds

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a term for retinal degeneration's occurring in many breeds of dog. Many forms of PRA exist, each form being confined to one or a few breeds only. The disease results in a degeneration of the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye - the retina - resulting in loss of vision, and often leading to blindness.

The disease is caused by a change to a gene involved in sight. This change, or mutation, occurred spontaneously, but once in the population has been inherited from generation to generation like any other gene. The mutation upsets the delicate processes involved in vision and causes the long-term degeneration seen.

There is currently no treatment for the disease. Breeding stock are regularly checked by eye examination, although this can only pick up affected dogs after symptoms have developed and will never detect the symptomless carriers.

Research at the Animal Health Trust has identified a genetic change underlying pra in Miniature Long-haired Dachshunds. The mutation has been designated cord1 and is a cone-rod degeneration affecting both these types of cells which are crucial to vision in the retina. This mutation has now also been identified in Miniature Smooth-haired Dachshunds and we are extending the DNA test to include this breed as well as Miniature Long-haired Dachshunds.

This form of PRA has been documented in scientific literature and was believed to have an age of onset of around 2 years. However, our research has shown that some dogs with the cord1 mutation are not diagnosed until much later in life, sometimes as late as 10 years of age, and the average age of diagnosis of the Miniature Long-haired Dachshunds in our study was 4.98 years. It is possible that the factors causing this variation could delay the onset of obvious clinical signs beyond the lifespan of the dog, so owners may never see behavioral changes and never recognize that their dog has a problem. However, the dog will still be genetically-affected by the disease and have two copies of the cord1 mutation. Genetically-affected dogs will always pass a copy of the cord1 mutation on to all their offspring, unlike carriers who pass the disease gene to only half their offspring. Undiagnosed genetically-affected dogs are therefore a particular danger for the breed and it is likely that the very high frequency of the cord1 mutation in Miniature Long-haired Dachshunds sent in for DNA testing has arisen because of the use of undiagnosed genetically-affected dogs in breeding programs. These ‘late onset’ pups may develop PRA earlier in life than their parents. We are currently investigating the variation in age of onset, which could be genetic or environmental in origin. Until this research is completed, the factors determining the age at which breeders will begin to see signs of the disease will remain unknown.

Clearly, no blame can be attached to breeders who have unwittingly bred from undiagnosed genetically-affected dogs in the past. However, the DNA test now provides the means to avoid breeding further affected animals, and to eventually eradicate PRA caused by the cord1 mutation from miniature dachshunds.

The test is available now and information on submitting samples is given below.

Breeders will be sent results identifying their dog as belonging to one of three categories:

This dog is CLEAR of the cord1 mutation:

This dog has 2 copies of the normal gene and will neither develop PRA caused by the cord1 mutation, nor pass this mutation to its offspring. This mutation has been shown to be sufficient to cause PRA in the lines originating from UK breeding stock used in our research. However, other factors may delay the effects of the cord1 mutation in some dogs.

This dog is a CARRIER of the cord1 mutation:

This dog has one copy of the normal gene and one copy of the cord1 mutation. It will not develop PRA but will, if bred from, pass on the cord1 mutation to 50% of its offspring, on average. This mutation has been shown to be sufficient to cause PRA in the lines originating from UK breeding stock used in our research. However, other factors may delay the effects of the cord1 mutation in some dogs.

This dog has TWO COPIES of the cord1 mutation:

This dog has 2 copies of the cord1 mutation. This mutation has been shown to be sufficient to cause PRA in the lines originating from UK breeding stock used in our research. There may however be additional genes in the population which can delay the effects of the cord1 mutation in some dogs

Because of the very high frequency of the cord1 mutation, we would advise breeders to take a gradual approach to eliminating the mutation from their stock to avoid restricting the gene pool available. Both carriers and affected dogs can be used to breed - but only when crossed with DNA tested clear dogs. For carrier x clear crosses, half the offspring (on average) will be clear and half will be carriers. Litters from these crosses should be DNA tested to distinguish clears from carriers. Genetically-affected x clear crosses will only produce carriers; there is therefore no need to DNA test these litters.

There may be other forms of PRA in the miniature dachshund population that are caused by a different mutation to cord1. The current DNA test is specific for the cord1 mutation and will not therefore detect dogs affected by alternative forms of PRA. During the course of our research we did see some evidence of another, late-onset form of the disease, in a restricted number of lines.

Many breeders of Miniature Smooth-haired Dachshunds have generously contributed samples to the research leading to our identification of the cord1 mutation in this breed and we would like to thank them for their co-operation. Without these samples we could not have validated the test for the Smooth-haired variety. For those samples which were used in the research, owners are offered a certificate for a cost of £5 administration fee. For those samples submitted for research but not used in the research program, owners are offered one test at the discount price of £35. To check whether your sample was used as part of the research program, please contact the address given below.

The research leading to the development of this test has been published as:

Mellersh,C.S., Boursnell,M.E.G., Pettitt,L., Ryder,E.J., Holmes,N.G., Grafham,D., Forman,O.P., Sampson,J., Barnett,K.C., Blanton,S., Binns,M.M., Vaudin,M. (2006) Canine RPGRIP1 mutation establishes cone-rod dystrophy in miniature longhaired dachshunds as a homologue of human Leber congenital amaurosis. Genomics 88 293-301

Samples submitted should be cheek swabs (a non-invasive sampling method) obtainable from the Animal Health Trust. Samples should be sent together with a completed DNA Testing form and payment for each sample to Genetic Services, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU.

Kits for taking cheek swabs are available by phoning +44 (0) 1638 555621,
faxing +44 (0) 1638 555643 or e-mail to swab.request@aht.org.uk.

Further information can be obtained by e-mailing dna.testing@aht.org.uk.The price of the test is £47, which includes the cost of the sampling kit and VAT.

http://www.aht.org.uk/genetics_dachpra.html January 2009

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English Springer Spaniel Field Trial Association
AKC Parent Club of the Breed

Progressive Retinal Degeneration (PRA)

ESSFTA PRA Web Conference

On July 28^,2007 the ESSFTA Foundation hosted a webcast featuring Dr. Gary Johnson, Dr. Kristina Narfstrom, and Liz Hansen. They provided a review of basic genetics, presentation of the recent PRA discovery, and the next steps for PRA research. They fielded a number of questions submitted both prior to and during the webcast. If you would like to replay the event, please click on the following link: http://invite.Mshow.com/signon.asp?Cobrand=100&usertype=0&ShowNum=333600

The webcast will be available for replay for 30 days.

Announcement - April 20, 2007
TO MEMBERS OF THE ESSFTA AND ENGLISH SPRINGER SPANIEL BREEDERS:

We have momentous news. The Animal Health Trust (UK) and the University of Missouri Columbia, working collaboratively, have made a major discovery concerning PRA. Many individuals have contributed -- financially and through years of hard work -- to bring about this discovery. We are both elated and concerned by what Dr. Cathryn Mellersh and Dr. Gary Johnson have told us, and we want to share this news in a manner that is open, encouraging of dialog and questions, and that addresses the concerns of breeders.

As you read further, we want to assure you that we will do everything that we can to provide you with opportunities to gather more information and to ask important questions over the next days, weeks, and months. There is much more research to do to determine more facts about PRA. We recommend patience, not panic.

Among the opportunities to learn more will be additional announcements, an international web cast (currently being developed) and meetings at the National Amateur and National Specialty.
As you prepare to make use of the genetic test now available (link provided in the announcement) to determine the status of your own dogs -- affected, carrier, normal -- please keep the following practical reality at the forefront of your thoughts.

Eliminating all dogs testing as affected would have a major impact on the breed and would have the potential to devastate successful breeding programs. A more positive breeding strategy would be to reduce the incidence of dogs at risk for PRA while maintaining genetic diversity and positive qualities present in the breed. This strategy will be a slow process, taking many generations.

Thank you for your thoughtful attention and for your concern for English Springer Spaniels. We all share this problem and -- thanks to the wonderful work of Dr. Johnson and Dr. Mellersh -- we can now share in a long-term solution, starting today.

The Officers and Directors of the ESSFTA Foundation

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT TO THE ENGLISH SPRINGER SPANIEL WORLD WIDE COMMUNITY CONCERNING PROGRESSIVE RETINAL ATROPHY RESEARCH

Dr Gary Johnson and Dr Cathryn Mellersh have identified a DNA mutation that is a major risk factor for development of Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in English Springer Spaniels.
• A DNA test is available for breeders, along with information about what the test can and cannot tell them.

• The percentage of English Springer Spaniels testing as affected or carrier for this mutation is very high.

• It is likely to take several generations to reduce the frequency of this mutation in the ESS population.

• Additional research, funded by the ESSFTA Foundation and the AKC Canine Health Foundation, has been initiated to help answer the questions that remain unexplained by the discovery of this mutation.

• Much more important information about this discovery can be found in the PRA section of the www.CanineGeneticDiseases.net website.

Dr Gary Johnson’s Animal Molecular Genetics Laboratory at the University of Missouri-Columbia, in collaboration with Dr Cathryn Mellersh of the Animal Health Trust in England, has identified a mutation that is a major risk factor for development of Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in English Springer Spaniels (ESS). A DNA test for this mutation is now available for concerned ESS breeders to help them make breeding choices that can reduce the incidence of PRA in this breed. In the dogs tested during the research, 80% of the English Springer Spaniels tested as affected or carrier for this mutation, so it is important that breeders have a clear understanding of what this test can and cannot tell them. It is very likely to take several generations to reduce the frequency of this mutation in the ESS population. Additional research has been initiated to help answer the questions that remain unexplained by discovery of this mutation.

THE DISCOVERY
Dr Mellersh recently published information on a mutation found to cause a recessive cone-rod form of PRA in Miniature Longhaired Dachshunds. In a limited survey, Dr. Mellersh also found the mutation to be present in ESS. Because of this, Masters student, Xuhua Chen, from Dr Johnson’s laboratory tested over 1100 ESS DNA samples and found that dogs that inherited the mutation from both their sire and dam were approximately 20 times more likely to develop PRA compared to other ESS. Preliminary electroretinogram (ERG) studies by Dr Kristina Narfstrom, Laboratory for Comparative Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia, suggest that ESS have a cone-rod form of PRA similar to that found in the Dachshunds.

It is important to note that there are a large number of dogs that have tested as genetically affected, but are reported as clinically normal by their owners. This is also similar to the situation in Miniature Longhaired Dachshunds. With the wide range of age of onset observed for PRA in ESS, it may be that many of these dogs will develop symptoms eventually. It is also possible that that these dogs have some loss of visual function that has not yet been detected by the owner.

GOOD NEWS – BAD NEWS
The good news – a DNA test is now available. This test clearly identifies dogs that are clear (have 2 normal copies of the gene), those who are carriers (have one normal copy of the gene and one mutated copy of the gene), and those who are at much higher risk for developing PRA (have 2 mutated copies of the gene). Wise use of this test can reduce the incidence of dogs at risk for PRA in future generations.

The bad news – only 20% of the 1100-plus ESS’s genotyped during the research tested as clear, or normal. Thirty-eight percent tested as carriers, and 42% tested as genetically affected. Obviously, eliminating all dogs testing as affected from breeding programs will have a major impact on the breed, and has the potential to devastate successful breeding programs. Reducing the incidence of dogs at risk for PRA while maintaining genetic diversity and positive qualities present in the breed is likely to be a slow process and will take several generations.
Information about the benefits of this test, testing forms and instructions, and suggestions for using the test to reduce the frequency of PRA in this breed is available online in the PRA section of www.CanineGeneticDiseases.net and at www.aht.org.uk .

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Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)
in Dogs

This is a genetic, inherited disease of the retina (the "film" in the camera), which occurs in both eyes simultaneously. The disease is nonpainful, and there is no cure for it. The eyes are genetically programmed to go blind. PRA occurs in most breeds of dogs and can occur in mixed breeds also. It is recessively inherited in all breeds studied, with the following exceptions: PRA is dominantly inherited in Old English Mastiffs and Bullmastiffs, and PRA is sex-linked and found primarily in male dogs in the Siberian Husky and Samoyed breeds.

Clinical signs vary from the dog first becoming night blind in the early stage of PRA (not able to see in low light surroundings) to the entire visual field in all light levels becoming affected, which is advanced PRA. The pupils are usually dilated, and owners often notice a "glow" and increased "eye shine" from the eyes. All dogs with PRA will eventually develop blindness from advanced PRA, and this time frame until the dog is blind varies considerably from dog to dog, but usually takes at least 6 months from the time of diagnosis, and can rarely take years until the dog is completely blind. Although no treatment for PRA is possible to stop the disease, nutritional antioxidant supplementation for retinal health may help slow the deterioration of the retina to "buy some time" before the blindness inevitably happens. Animal Eye Care believes that in many of these PRA patients, specific oral antioxidant nutritional therapy can delay the progression of blindness. Blindness is not avoided, however, in any PRA patients. If oral antioxidants were used, they would be continued until complete vision loss occurred.

What to do if you suspect PRA:

Have your dog examined by a board certified veterinary ophthalmologist to determine if this disease is indeed present. If you are located in the Pacific Northwest or in British Colombia, you may contact our office to schedule a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Dogs with PRA should not be bred, and the breeder that you received your dog from should be notified that the dog is affected, so the breeder can alter their breeding program in future. It is important to understand that dogs with PRA are happy dogs. Their eyes don't hurt, and they adjust very well to their slow loss of vision. In fact, if a dog were destined to become blind and Dr. McCalla could pick the disease, it would be PRA, as the vision loss is slow and non-painful, and the dog is given much time to adjust to its vision loss.

It is important to realize that it is OK to grieve about your pet's vision loss, but you must not put your sad feelings in your dog's head--they aren't really there! Your dog is not suffering. They adjust well to their vision loss, and it is by far hardest to deal with on the owner's side. Your dog's job description has not changed. Your blind dog is happy as long as its routine is stable. From your dog's point of view, life continues to be great-- you are there as always, and they just need to use their other keen senses a bit more to get the same information they used to view. Keep household furniture in its place, and consider purchasing the book "Living With Blind Dogs" by Caroline Levin. Animal Eye Care also sells this book. It is the only book of this subject matter, and is beneficial in helping owners and their affected pets adjust to the vision loss. Animal Eye Care also sells pet medical alert tags. One tag reads "I Have Poor Vision" while the other reads "I Am Blind". Please contact our office if you want to purchase a tag for your pet.

Dogs with PRA can develop cataracts late in the disease process. Cataract surgery would never be done, as it would not help the dog to see. However, cataracts can cause pain and damage to the eye, and if the eyes look very cloudy to you, please call Animal Eye Care for a reexamination as soon as possible.

There are DNA blood tests available, to determine if dogs are likely affected with PRA, are likely carriers for PRA, or are not likely carrying the PRA gene. Please visit the web site for further information (www.Optigen.com).

related terms: central/generalized progressive retinal atrophy, retinal degeneration, early retinal degeneration, progressive rod-cone degeneration, rod-cone dysplasia, hemeralopia (day blindness), nyctalopia (night-blindness)

What is progressive retinal atrophy?

The cells of the retina receive light stimuli from the external environment and transmit the information to the brain where it is interpreted to become vision. In progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), deterioration of the retinal cells causes blindness.

The retina lines the back of the eye. The inner layer is the neural retina (called simply the retina) which has 9 layers, the outermost of which consists of the photoreceptor cells - the rods and cones. The outer layer of the retina is the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). In dogs the retina is not mature until 6 or 7 weeks of age.

The term progressive retinal atrophy covers several types of inherited degeneration (deterioration) of the retina. Sub-classifications of PRA are based on the age at which dogs show signs of the disease and the type of retinal cell which is affected.

Generalized PRA:These diseases affect primarily the photoreceptor cells. Both eyes are similarly affected and dogs eventually become totally blind.

i) Early onset photoreceptor dysplasias: In these conditions, the photoreceptor cells develop abnormally in the first few weeks after birth, and then degenerate along with the inner layers of the retina.

ii) Later onset photoreceptor degeneration (progressive rod-cone degeneration): Here the retina matures and functions apparently normally for varying periods of time before degenerating. Dogs are not usually clinically affected until 1 year of age or more, although abnormalities can be seen in the eye and on the (ERG) long before owners notice signs of visually impairment.

Progressive rod-cone degeneration has similarities to retinitis pigmentosa in people.

Central PRA:(also called RPE dystrophy) The abnormality is in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). The photoreceptor cells will also degenerate eventually. The rate of vision loss is much slower than with generalized PRA, and not all dogs become totally blind.

How is progressive retinal atrophy inherited?

In the Siberian husky, PRA is an X-linked trait. In most breeds studied to date, PRA is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.

What breeds are affected by progressive retinal atrophy ?

Many breeds are affected by one or sometimes more than one form of PRA.

Generalized PRA - early onset: Cardigan Welsh corgi, collie (rod-cone dysplasia type II), Cairn terrier, Dachshund (rod-cone dysplasia type I), Gordon setter, Great Dane, Irish setter (rod-cone dysplasia type I), miniature schnauzer (photoreceptor dysplasia), Norwegian elkhound (rod dysplasia, also early retinal degeneration), Tibetan terrier (progressive rod degeneration causing night blindness only)

Alaskan malamute - progressive cone degeneration causing hemeralopia (day blindness) - this condition occurs rarely.

Generalized PRA (progressive rod-cone degeneration) - later onset (usually older than 1 year): Akita, Australian cattle dog, Australian shepherd, American and English cocker spaniel, Basenji, beagle, Belgian sheepdog, Briard, Brittany spaniel, Chesapeake Bay retriever, collie (rough and smooth), Dachshund, English springer spaniel, German shepherd, German short-haired pointer, golden retriever, greyhound (without typical initial night blindness), Irish setter, Labrador retriever, mastiff, Nova Scotia duck tolling retriever, old English sheepdog, papillon, pekingese, poodle (miniature and toy), Portuguese water dog, Rottweiler, samoyed, Shetland sheepdog, Shih tzu, Siberian husky, Tibetan spaniel, Tibetan terrier, Welsh springer spaniel, Yorkshire terrier

Central PRA - retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy (RPED): This disease occurs mostly in dogs in the United Kingdom, of the following breeds: border collie, Cardigan Welsh corgi, English cocker spaniel, English springer spaniel, golden retriever, Labrador retriever, rough and smooth collie, Shetland sheepdog

Retinal degeneration in the Borzoi: Unlike other forms of PRA, the eyes are affected asymmetrically and the retinal lesions appear inflammatory. Males are affected more often than females. Ultimately, the ophthalmoscopic lesions are similar to those of PRA.

For many breeds and many disorders, the studies to determine the mode of inheritance or the frequency in the breed have not been carried out, or are inconclusive. We have listed breeds for which there is a consensus among those investigating in this field and among veterinary practitioners, that the condition is significant in this breed.

What does progressive retinal atrophy mean to your dog & you?

Generalized PRA - early onset: The first sign is generally failing night vision, as early as 6 weeks of age, and this progresses to complete loss of vision by about 1 - 2 years of age. Collies may retain some vision until the age of 2 - 3 years. In miniature schnauzers, poor night vision usually develops later (6 months to a year) and there is advanced loss of vision by 3 to 4 years. Affected Alaskan malamutes are day-blind (hemeralopia) at 8 to 10 weeks of age; night vision is never affected.

Generalized PRA (progressive rod-cone degeneration) - late onset: Generally night blindness is noticed between 2 and 5 years of age (depending on the breed) progressing to total blindness within a year or so. Peripheral vision is lost first.

Central PRA (CPRA) - retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy (RPED): Loss of vision occurs much more slowly than in generalized PRA, without initial night blindness. Affected dogs may not lose vision completely. Because the changes are in the centre of the retina, affected dogs initially have trouble locating still objects in bright light.

How is progressive retinal atrophy diagnosed?

There are no obvious external changes to the eyes. You may notice that your dog has difficulty getting around when the lights are turned off, or when outside at night. If you suspect that your dog has impaired vision, your veterinarian will look for abnormalities with an ophthalmoscope. PRA may also be detected by electroretinogram (ERG) before your dog has any apparent visual difficulties. Electroretinography, which measures electrical patterns in the retina, is usually only available in specialty veterinary centres. (See CERF website listed in references below.)

Genetic testing is quickly becoming available for different forms of PRA in different breeds. The advantage of such testing is that it can identify dogs whose sight is unaffected, but who are carriers of the disorder (heterozygotes).

FOR THE VETERINARIAN:

Generalized PRA

1. Ophthalmoscopic exam: retinal thinning is seen as hyper-reflectivity of the tapetal fundus, attenuation of the retinal vessels, and shrinking and pallor of the optical disc; cataracts and/or retinal detachment may occur late in the disease.

2. Electroretinogram: Generalized PRA can be detected by ERG long before it is apparent clinically.

3. DNA testing: Rod-cone dysplasia or rcd1 can be detected in Irish Setters and Dachshunds by polymerase chain reaction. DNA testing for PRA is also available for Chesapeake Bay retrievers, Labrador retrievers and Portuguese water dogs. For more information, see resources below.

CPRA

1. Ophthalmoscopic exam: initially central multiple light to dark brown spots within tapetal fundus, varying in size, shape and density, due to accumulation of lipopigment within the photoreceptor layer. You will also see hyper-reflectivity and retinal vessel attenuation as the disease progresses.

2. Electroretinogram: The ERG has not been found useful in the early diagnosis of CPRA because the photoreceptor cells are only affected later in the course of the disease.

How is progressive retinal atrophy treated?

There is no treatment for PRA. The degree of visual impairment varies with the breed and specific type of retinal degeneration as described above, but most affected dogs will ultimately be completely blind. With their acute senses of smell and hearing, dogs can compensate very well, particularly in familiar surroundings, to the point where owners may be unaware of the extent of vision loss.

You can help your dog by developing regular routes for exercise, maintaining consistent surroundings, introducing any necessary changes gradually, and being patient.

Breeding advice

Breeding is not advised for any dog with PRA, or for the parents (assumed to be carriers). Siblings should be carefully screened by electroretinogram if they are considered for breeding. Generalized PRA can often be detected by electroretinography at least a year before clinical signs are apparent.

For some disorders (eg. rod-cone dysplasia type I in Irish setters and dachshunds), blood-based DNA tests are available which can distinguish normal animals from those who are clinically normal but are carriers, and from those that are affected but are not yet showing any signs. Test results are registered through the Canine DNA Registry administered by the Canine Eye Registration Foundation (CERF). DNA testing for PRA is also available for Dachshunds, Chesapeake Bay retrievers, Labrador retrievers and Portuguese water dogs. For more information see the resources below.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DISORDER, PLEASE SEE YOUR VETERINARIAN.

Seizures

Seizures can be caused by many conditions: congenital defects, blood glucose levels that are too high (e.g., diabetes mellitus) or too low (hypoglycemia) ,a low oxygen levels in the blood that could be caused by anemia, heart problems or difficulties with breathing, kidney disorders, liver disorders, infections such as canine distemper (make sure you get your vaccines done), tumors, toxins like antifreeze (keep your dachshund out of the garage one little lick can be fatal), lead or chocolate (even in small amounts), some berries and fruits (stick to dog treats and food), fevers and hyperthermia (smooth dachshunds love sweaters and coats in winter months), brain damage resulting from trauma or poor blood flow to the head, certain human medications (as with children doxies find pills fun to play with on the floor), low calcium (eclampsia) mainly females that are nursing.

Epilepsy occurs in all breeds, including mixed breeds. Epilepsy can be a genetic trait. It can even be familial where the epileptic disorder can pass down through generations within one line. Make sure you ask your breeder if there have been any signs or past dogs that they know of with this problem. It is recommended that dogs with epilepsy should not be used for breeding since this can be inherited.Treatment for epilepsy is usually not begun until a seizure is severe or multiple seizures have occurred and a pattern is observed. The goal is to decrease the frequency, severity and duration of the seizures. Medications used to treat epilepsy are given orally. Each animal reacts differently to the medications. Your veterinarian may need to try different types or combinations to find what will be right for your pet.

Patella Luxation (knee)

Our breeding dachshunds go to an OFA cert. Orthopedic Vet to be checked for this. Most all vets can check and see if your dog shows signs of this.

Smaller breeds of dogs, especially Miniature and Toy Poodles, have the highest incidence of patella luxation. Genetics can play a role. Because of the strong genetic relationships, we really feel that animals with this disorder should not be used for breeding. They can still be great pets, those that do require surgery will usually lead perfectly normal lives without any restrictions on activity.What is Patella Luxation? In certain breeds that have extremely short legs such as the Basset Hound or Dachshund, patella luxation is thought to be secondary to the abnormal shape of the femur and tibia. The curvatures of the bones in these breeds work in conjunction with the forces of the quadriceps muscles to displace the patella to the inside. Please do not misunderstand – not all members of these breeds are affected with patella luxation, only a small portion. Most dogs effected are middle-aged, with a history of intermittent lameness in the affected rear legs. An affected dog commonly stops and cries out in pain as he is running. The affected leg will be extended rearward, and for a while, the dog is unable to flex it back into the normal position.Uncorrected, the patella ridges will wear, the groove will become even shallower and the dog will become progressively more lame. Arthritis will prematurely affect the joint, causing a permanently swollen knee with poor mobility. Therefore, a good evaluation needs to be done by your veterinarian early in the condition to prevent long-term arthritic crippling.As would be expected, medical therapy has little corrective ability in this disorder and surgery is therefore required and is the treatment of choice. A surgical treatment is not necessary in every individual with this condition.Surgery can alter both the affected structures and the movement of the patella. The groove at the base of the femur may be surgically deepened to better contain the knee cap. The knee cap itself may be 'tied down' laterally (on the outside) to prevent it from deviating medially (toward the inside). The bony protuberance at the site of the attachment of the quadriceps tendon on the tibia, may be cut off and then re-attached in a more lateral position. All of these procedures work well and the type performed depends on the individual case and the clinician. The animal should respond quickly after surgery and is usually completely recovered within thirty days, using his legs in normal fashion.

Heartworm

This article will discuss the canine heartworms and how you can keep them from infecting your Dachshund. Worms can cause your pet pain and discomfort, and sometimes, even death.

If you live in the United States, you have heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis) in your area. This parasite is present in all fifty states, but most common in the more temperate parts of the country. The heartworm larva (Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae) is spread from dog to dog by mosquitoes. When an infected mosquito feeds off a dog, it passes the infection into the bloodstream. The larva or microfilariae stay in the bloodstream for a period of time and then attach themselves to the inside of the heart and can also be found in the blood vessels of the lungs. When they mature in the heart they add their own microfilariae to the blood stream. The adult worms cause debilitating disease, reduce performance, and may cause death. The dog can usually be cured if the heartworm infestation is diagnosed early enough. The cost of this cure can vary from a minimum of $150 to as much as $1500. After treatment, the dog must be laid up for a minimum of a month.

You dont have to treat year round in parts of the country during the coldest times of the year when no mosquitoes could survive, the prevention can even be suspended until the weather starts warming up again. If you suspect a dog may already have heartworms, before putting a dog on prevention it should be checked by a Vet to be sure it has no heartworms. The cost of this exam is generally between $5 - $35. It is a lot cheaper to have the exam to make sure your dog is not already infected, than it is to have a Vet save an infected dog during the advanced stages of heartworm infestation. Heartworm prevention is only good to prevent an infection from ever occurring, once a dog is already infected then it must be given the very expensive treatment.

The exam consists of a vet drawing a small amount of blood, putting a smear of it on a slide and looking at it through a microscope. The microfilariae look like tiny wiggler fishing worms. What I use is Interceptor. It is a mult. wormer. You can purchase it with a prescription for $20 - $50 at your online Veterinarian Store or through a local Vet.

INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs for dogs prevent deadly heartworm disease, while protecting your dog against roundworms (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina), hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum) and whipworms (Trichuris vulpis).

Information for dosing dogs
The palatable once-a-month tablet that prevents heartworm disease, controls adult hookworm, and removes and controls adult roundworm and whipworm infections in dogs and puppies.

Caution
U.S. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

Description
INTERCEPTOR (milbemycin oxime) Flavor Tabs are available in four tablet sizes in color-coded packages for oral administration to dogs and puppies. Each tablet is formulated to provide a minimum of 0.23 mg/lb (0.5 mg/kg) body weight of milbemycin oxime. Milbemycin oxime consists of the oxime derivatives of 5-didehydromilbemycins in the ratio of approximately 80% A₄ (C₃₂H₄₅NO₇, MW 555.71) and 20% A₃ (C₃₁H₄₃NO₇, MW 541.68).


	Package color	Milbemycin oxime tablet

	Brown	2.3 mg
	Green	5.75 mg
	Yellow	11.5 mg
	White	23.0 mg

Indications
INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs are indicated for use in the prevention of heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis, the control of adult Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm), and the removal and control of adult Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina (roundworms) and Trichuris vulpis (whipworm) infections in dogs and in puppies four weeks of age or greater, and two pounds body weight or greater.

Dosage
INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs are given orally, once a month, at the recommended minimum dosage rate of 0.23 mg milbemycin oxime per pound of body weight (0.5 mg/kg).

Recommended Dosage Schedule for Dogs


	Body Weight	INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs

	2-10 lbs.	One tablet (2.3 mg)
	11-25 lbs.	One tablet (5.75 mg)
	26-50 lbs.	One tablet (11.5 mg)
	51-100 lbs.	One tablet (23.0 mg)

Dogs over 100 lbs. are provided the appropriate combination of tablets.

Administration
INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs are palatable and most dogs will consume the tablet willingly when offered by the owner. As an alternative, the dual-purpose tablet may be offered in food or administered as other tablet medications. Watch the dog closely following dosing to be sure the entire dose has been consumed. If it is not entirely consumed, redose once with the full recommended dose as soon as possible.

INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs must be administered monthly, preferably on the same date each month. The first dose should be administered within one month of the dog's first exposure to mosquitoes and monthly thereafter until the end of the mosquito season. If a dose is missed and a 30-day interval between dosing is exceeded, administer INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs immediately and resume the monthly dosing schedule.

If INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs replaces diethylcarbamazine (DEC) for heartworm prevention, the first dose must be given within 30 days after the last dose of DEC.

Palatability
Palatability trials conducted in 244 dogs from 10 different U.S. veterinary practices demonstrated that INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs were willingly accepted from the owner by over 95% of dogs. The trial was comprised of dogs representing 60 different breeds and both sexes, with weights ranging from 2.1 lbs. to 143.3 lbs., and ages ranging from 8 weeks to 15 years.

Precautions
Do not use in puppies less than four weeks of age and less than two pounds of body weight. Prior to initiation of the INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs treatment program, dogs should be tested for existing heartworm infections. Infected dogs should be treated to remove adult heartworms and microfilariae prior to initiating treatment with INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs. Mild, transient hypersensitivity reactions manifested as labored respiration, vomiting, salivation and lethargy, have been noted in some treated dogs carrying a high num-ber of circulating microfilariae. These reactions are presumably caused by release of protein from dead or dying microfilariae.

Adverse Reactions
The following adverse reactions have been reported following the use of INTERCEPTOR: Depression/ lethargy, vomiting, ataxia, anorexia, diarrhea, convulsions, weakness and hypersalivation.

Efficacy
INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs eliminate the tissue stage of heartworm larvae and the adult stage of hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum), roundworms (Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina) and whipworm (Trichuris vulpis) infestations when administered orally according to the recommended dosage schedule. The anthelmintic activity of milbemycin oxime is believed to be a result of interference with invertebrate neurotransmission.

Safety
INTERCEPTOR has been tested safely in over 75 different breeds of dogs, including collies, pregnant females, breeding males and females, and puppies over two weeks of age. In well-controlled clinical field studies, 786 dogs completed treatment with milbemycin oxime. Milbemycin oxime was used safely in animals receiving frequently used veterinary products such as vaccines, anthelmintics, antibiotics, steroids, flea collars, shampoos and dips.

Two studies in heartworm-infected dogs were conducted which demonstrated mild, transient hypersensitivity reactions in treated dogs with high microfilaremia counts (see Precautions for reactions observed). Safety studies in pregnant dogs demonstrated that high doses (1.5 mg/kg = 3X) of milbemycin oxime given in an exaggerated dosing regimen (daily from mating through weaning), resulted in measurable concentrations of the drug in milk. Puppies nursing these females which received exaggerated dosing regimens demonstrated milbemycin-related effects.These effects were directly attributable to the exaggerated experimental dosing regimen. The product is normally intended for once-a-month administration only. Subsequent studies included using 3X daily from mating to one week before weaning and demonstrated no effects on the pregnant females or their litters. A second study where pregnant females were dosed once at 3X the monthly use rate either before, on the day of or shortly after whelping resulted in no effects on the puppies.

Some nursing puppies, at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age, given greatly exaggerated oral INTERCEPTOR doses (9.6 mg/kg = 19X) exhibited signs typified by tremors, vocalization and ataxia. These effects were all transient and puppies returned to normal within 24 to 48 hours. No effects were observed in puppies given the recommended dose of INTERCEPTOR (0.5 mg/kg). This product has not been tested in dogs less than 1 kg weight.

A rising-dose safety study conducted in roughcoated collies manifested a clinical reaction consisting of ataxia, pyrexia and periodic recumbency in one of fourteen dogs treated with milbemycin oxime at 12.5 mg/kg (25X monthly use rate). Prior to receiving the 12.5 mg/kg dose (25X monthly use rate) on day 56 of the study, all animals had undergone an exaggerated dosing regimen consisting of 2.5 mg/kg milbemycin oxime (5X monthly use rate) on day 0, followed by 5.0 mg/kg (10X monthly use rate) on day 14 and 10.0 mg/kg (20X monthly use rate) on day 32. No adverse reactions were observed in any of the collies treated with this regimen up through the 10.0 mg/kg (20X monthly use rate) dose.

How Supplied
INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs are available in four tablet sizes (see Dosage section), formulated according to the weight of the dog. Each tablet size is available in color-coded packages of 6 or 12 tablets each, which are packaged 10 per display carton.

Storage Conditions
INTERCEPTOR Flavor Tabs should be stored at room temperature, between 59° and 86°F (15-30°C).

Keep this and all drugs out of the reach of children.

U.S. Patent No. 4,547,520

Manufactured for:
Novartis Animal Health US, Inc.
Greensboro, NC 27408, USA

NADA #140-915, Approved by FDA.
©2001 Novartis Animal Health US, Inc.

NAH/INT-FT-12P/VI/1 05/01

INTERCEPTOR and Flavor Tabs are registered trademarks of Novartis AG.

NCL= Neuronal Canine Ceroid Lopofuscinosis

The neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a class of inherited neurological disorders that have been diagnosed in dogs, humans, cats, sheep, goats, cynomolgus monkeys, cattle, horses, and lovebirds. Among dogs, NCL has been reported in many breeds, including English Setters, Tibetan Terriers, American Bulldogs, Dachshunds, Polish Lowland Sheepdogs, Border Collies, Dalmatians, Miniature Schnauzers, Australian Shepherds, Australian Cattle Dogs, Golden Retrievers, and other breeds (see list below). NCL is almost always inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. In humans, mutations in one of at least six different genes can lead to NCL. Mutations in several other genes have been found to be responsible for NCL in one or more animal species.

In 1980 Vandevelde and Fatzer described an adult onset NCL in Longhaired Dachshunds. At the University of Missouri, we have been studying a distinct, juvenile-onset form of NCL, which also occurs in Longhaired Dachshunds and causes neurodegeneration leading to death at approximately one year of age. We have identified and characterized the mutation responsible for this disease and we have devised a DNA test that distinguishes between normal Dachshunds, Dachshunds that are carriers of the disease who could produce affected puppies if bred to another carrier, and affected Dachshunds destined to endure neurodegeneration and early death (Awano et al., submitted for publication, 2006).

This information and more can be found at this site. http://www.caninegeneticdiseases.net/CL_site/basicCL.htm

Thyroid

Hypothyroidism, commonly confused with obesity in Dachshunds, is simply the insufficient production of thyroid hormones. In Dachshunds, lymphocytic thyroiditis is most common. Dogs are affected between ages one to three years. Less than half of the Dachshunds affected manifest obesity; most individuals experience recurrent infections and lack of energy. Diagnosis of hypothyroidism is often tricky, though the treatment tends to be direct and affordable. It is treated in most cases with meds just like in humans.

Hypothyoidism
written by Michael Shaff, V.M.D.
Article appears in the April/May 2001 issue of Pet Tribune, http://www.pettribune.com

Hypothyroidism is the medical term to describe the inability of the thyroid gland to produce sufficient amounts of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones are responsible for driving the metabolic rate of most of your organ systems. The lack of these hormones causes a big decrease in your body's metabolism. This means the whole system slows down. This gives rise to a variety of clinical signs. For example, heart rate slows, mental function becomes depressed, and often body temperature decreases slightly. Common causes of hypothyroidism include inflammation (thyroiditis), progressive failure (atrophy) and tumors (neoplasia).

Hypothyroidism is the number one endocrine disease affecting dogs. Although it can occur in any dog, breeds most commonly affected include schnauzers, Scottish terriers, dachshunds, Doberman pinschers, golden retrievers and Labrador retrievers. The condition is quite rare in cats.

Dogs suffering from hypothyroidism show a variety of clinical signs and vague symptoms. The most common signs include cold intolerance, lethargy, weight gain, and a variety of skin disorders. Dermal abnormalities such as hair loss, changes in coat color or quality, scaling and a predisposition to skin infections (pyodermas) are also noted. In fact the two most common reasons for recurring skin infections are hypothyroidism and allergies. Every chronically itchy dog should have a thyroid profile at least once before embarking on expensive allergy tests and treatment. Less frequently one might notice changes in mental awareness and reproductive failure.

Your veterinarian can test your dog's thyroid function with a simple blood test. This test measures the levels of active thyroid hormones being produced. If the concentrations are low, other tests may be needed to determine if the low levels are due to primary hypothyroidism or from the effect of other diseases or medications. In some cases a trial regimen of thyroid supplementation and observation of response may be needed to confirm the diagnose.

Luckily, hypothyroidism is an easily treated disease. Medication given once or twice daily often leads to resolution of most clinical signs. Usually treatment is for life.

Symptoms of overdosing are rapid weight loss, increased urination, increased drinking and nervousness. If any of these signs occur, you should call your veterinarian immediately. Usually your veterinarian will make an adjustment in the dose.

Resolution of symptoms may take several weeks. Usually within one to two weeks there will be an increase in activity. Skin disorders take longer. After two to three weeks it may look worse, as the old coat is shed. The skin takes about three months for a complete response and turnover. Mental awareness and reproductive disorders may take several months to bring about a complete resolution of the problems.

Every dog is individual, and the supplementation dose must be tailored. Four to eight weeks after starting hormone therapy a "post pill" T4 test is taken. This blood sample is drawn after an overnight fast, and then four to six hours after the supplement is given. Results should be in the normal range. If not, the dose can be adjusted in order to supply enough but not too much supplement. After adequate regulation is achieved, it is usually necessary to recheck the "post pill T4 test" every six months.

Michael Shaff, V.M.D. owns and practices at The Animal Clinic of Woodmont, which is located at 8295 N. Pine Island Rd. in Tamarac, Fla. A University of Pennsylvania graduate, he is also a member of the South Florida Academy of Veterinary Medicine. He can be reached at (954) 726-3647 or by e-mail at acwoodmont@aol.com.

Article appears in the April/May 2001 issue of Pet Tribune, http://www.pettribune.com

Credit

Credit for the information goes to the following below with some revises to it.

If you would like more information please visit these sites:

Copyright/Disclaimer

In no way should this Web site or its links be considered as offering medical advice. The content is provided for informational purposes only, which is in no way intended to replace veterinary care, but as a companion should veterinary care not be readily available.

Where to find more information?

American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. 1995. Ocular Disorders Presumed to be Inherited in Purebred Dogs. This reference is helpful in differentiating disorders specific to different breeds.

Ackerman, L. 1999. The Genetic Connection. p. 162-167. AAHA Press. Lakewood, Colorado. This reference contains good information on inheritance, age of onset and form of PRA in different breeds.

CERF -Canine Eye Registration Foundation website: http://www.vet.purdue.edu/%7Eyshen/cerf.html

OptiGen - genetic testing: http://www.optigen.com/

VetGen - genetic testing: http://www.vetgen.com/

You may also go here to read more. It is an issue in other breeds not just dachshunds.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_retinal_atrophy

http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?c=2+1606&aid=343

http://www.acdsocietyofgb.com/AlisonSkipper.htm

Dach-Facts: Retinal Degeneration (PRA)

Health & Welfare Information from the Dachshund Breed Council

http://www.eyecareforanimals.com/retinal.php

http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/sunsong/Dach-Facts/Dach-Facts%20PRA%20V3.pdf

http://www.dachshundbreedcouncil.org.uk/DBC%20News%20Nov%2008.pdf